The Second Reform of Opera: Take me to the underworld—I will reclaim my beloved!Orfeo ed Euridice was Gluck’s first major reform of Italian opera and marks the second significant reform in opera history (the first being around 1700 by Metastasio, which is a bit too early to dive into here). It is Gluck’s most famous opera, and its final act’s intense struggles influenced many later masterpieces, such as Mozart’s The Magic Flute, Beethoven’s Fidelio, and the first part of Wagner’s Ring Cycle. Before Gluck’s reforms, Italian opera primarily catered to royalty and aristocrats, so overtures (Sinfonia) often served as background music while audiences settled into their seats and were often unrelated to the opera itself. Vocalists dominated, with plenty of flashy, virtuosic embellishments that often muddled the meaning of the music—singers would even add ornaments mid-word to show off their skills! Composers, in contrast, were relatively low on the hierarchy.
November 21, 2022